Abstract: The reference to the Brazilian culture of strategy is helpful to understand the way KM is penetrating and is adapted within the organization of this increasing developing society. As we did in the case of the Japanese way of Knowledge Creation, making explicit the very culture of strategy of this country brings insights to understand the way KM is proceeded and also its impacts on Brazilian organizations. The present paper will first roughly present main features of Brazilian culture of strategy and then will be focused on a case study from the South of the country. As a conclusion, the authors will propose a broad framework to tackle ways KM is acting and developing within different societies and cultures.

Keywords: Knowledge Management as a Learning Process to Upgrade Strategic Capabilities: Case study of micro-firms network in Southern Brazil

Abstract: Knowledge is a familiarity with something which may include information or skills acquired through experience or education. It can be characterized as information in context together with an understanding of how to use it which means the ʻRightʼ information, at the ʻRightʼ time, in the ʻRightʼ place, in the ʻRightʼ way, to the ʻRightʼ person. But this can only be possible for general knowledge which is documented. Tacit knowledge is not documented and thus it is difficult to transfer to another person through writing or by verbalizing it. An organization can have documented knowledge of its intangible and tangible assets but how many of the personals working there possess tacit knowledge is not known to the organization unless it is exposed or tested. Knowledge Management (KM) is one such means and an art of testing, creating, organizing, applying, and transferring both general and tacit knowledge to facilitate situational understanding and decision making. Tacit knowledge can be converted into a an explainable material provided the organization give free hands to her workers each one of whom have their own perception and way of working on any process and product. It is through this varied perception and way of thinking and doing that they can make a machine more Efficient, Effective, Simple, and more Economical. When this new process and/or product get registered/patented it becomes “Intellectual property” which can then be managed according to the country specific rules and regulations. This paper tends to describe the whole process using examples of Japan and Korea in order to make it simple and easy to understand. It will also describe how Knowledge Management generate new knowledge and in what way it is being and can be used by countries who are neither generating their own knowledge nor possess the ability to protect that knowledge.

Keywords: Knowledge Management: What it Really Means and How We Should Go about it?

Abstract: The paper aims to present a strategy for the development of intellectual capital based on Appreciative Inquiry. Appreciative Inquiry is a particular way of questioning subjects of social development, and at the same time, of prefiguring the future, based on fundamental positivity inherent to the person, community or situation, increasing system capacity for cooperation and change. We consider Appreciative Inquiry as a semiotic of positive side in human condition. The origins of this technique may be identified in an approach called “Appreciative Inquiry”, provided by Cooperrider in the area of organizational development. The Appreciative Inquiry is now used in fields such as psychology, social theology, social work, political sciences, adult training, organizational development, programme evaluation, coaching, planning, analysis of minorities, supervision, etc. The Appreciative Inquiry has a four-sided structure, called “4-D cycle” in literature: phase I (DISCOVERY): the stage of discovering positive “stories” in the intellectual capital of the University; phase II (DREAM) - a vision on the development of the intellectual capital of the University; phase III (DESIGN) - strategic planning in intellectual capital development in research and human resources: phase IV (DESTINY) - operational management in intellectual capital development in research and human resources. The paper will present a case study about the Mihail Kogalniceanu University from Iasi, Romania.

Keywords: Appreciative Inquiry, Mihail Kogalniceanu University

Abstract: Every effort should be made to develop the process of harmonization of legislation and economic institutions of Georgia towards the streamlining of the rules of intellectual property. This concerns not only the process of conformity and the correlation of the legislation of the Georgian republic to the legal requirements of the European countries, but no less importantly, the consideration of the realities which our country will be facing during the busy commodity-money exchange with the countries of near and far East, especially with the states directly bordering with Georgia.
One key area is the accession of Georgia to the new conventions and agreements, to trade agreements of Asian Countries. The vector of the country’s economic development is to be shifted in this direction and Georgia should take its traditional place defined by centuries ago.
A serious consideration is required about the expansion of the information space of the country jurisdictions which is inextricably linked with preparation and adoption of a comprehensive Law of Georgia "On information and its legal regulation."
It is necessary to make corrections, amendments and addenda to the Georgian legislation regulating the field of intellectual creativity. This applies both to material legal and procedural legal norms. The adjournment of this process will not be beneficiary for Georgia both in strategic and purely economic terms. One striking example is the “Design Law” of Georgia, the adoption of which only became possible in 2010, although as an expert, I have spoken on this subject not only once since 1998. The result - the country has lost tens of thousands of GEL in the form of lost revenues in the national budget.
It is required to make a clear legal delineation of the business interests from the interests of free use of the Internet space. Georgia should refrain from the accession procedures to all international treaties and agreements which provide for the severe curtail of the one or another, or both above stated interests. The state should not try to impose censorship on the Internet (for example, through the introduction of SOPA) and the creation of a state monopoly.
It is necessary to continue to actively support the "Economic Prosperity Initiative" (EPI). However, at the same time, effective measures need to be implemented in Georgia in the near future for the purpose of forming the intellectual property market. The country’s economy should be primarily focused not only on the raw materials and agricultural products’ export, but its priority direction should also be export of patents and licenses on the net.
The statistical analysis relevant court cases allows us to conclude that the qualification of judges who conduct trial proceedings in civil disputes concerning the above areas of intellectual property rights is rather low. It is therefore needed that the above shortcomings are reflected in the academic curriculum of High School of Justice and eventually eliminated through intensive studies of relevant academic discipline.
Significant changes and additions are needed to the Codes of Georgia, especially to the Criminal Code. The present Code includes only two articles which provide for sanctions against offenses committed in the sphere of intellectual property, which is obviously not sufficient.


Keywords: intellectual property, Georgia, Design Law, Economic Prosperity Initiative

Abstract: Intellectual capital is increasingly viewed as the single most important asset of organisations. While most large organisations have resources, staff and plans in place to support and develop intellectual capital, many smaller organisations do not. In particular technology-oriented young firms (technopreneurial firms), which play an important role in innovation and commercialisation of new ideas, do not have well developed strategies for managing their intellectual capital. These firms are often founded by engineers, scientists or academics who posses great scientific/technological knowledge, but limited know-how in other aspects of managing a business including knowledge management. Successful managing and integrating their specialised knowledge is of particular importance when it comes to developing a new product or process. This article therefore focuses on developing strategies for knowledge management within technopreneurial organisations as they incorporate technology and strive to build and retain a productive and creative workforce.

Keywords: Intellectual capital , technopreneurial firms,

Abstract: This study examines the extent and quality of intellectual capital (IC) disclosure in the financial reports of selected companies in Nigeria. IC disclosure index was constructed to code items in the annual reports of 50 different Nigerian companies using content analysis methods. The finding of the study is consistent with the previous studies, revealing that the levels of IC disclosures in the financial reports of the sampled companies are not high. Most of the reported IC drivers are expressed in narrative and qualitative rather than in quantitative or monetary terms. Relational capital was the highest reported in the financial statements of Nigerian companies as well as having the highest quality of disclosure among the three main categories of IC. However, the number of intellectual capital items disclosed by the sampled Nigerian companies is high, indicating that there is a clear awareness of the importance of IC disclosure. Even though the disclosure quality is low, the high volume of IC items being disclosed suggests that Nigerian companies have a modest commitment in communicating their IC information to the stakeholders.

Keywords: intellectual capital , IC, Nigerian companies

Abstract: Nowadays one of the biggest challenges of the global Marketing communication is the cultural difference of consumers in foreign countries. Different culture as a very important factor must be taken into consideration of Marketing experts and businessmen because the different needs of diverse customers can be influenced and satisfied by efficient, to the demand of purchasers suitable communication. Many for the Marketing activities of companies important elements of other cultures should be known by companies. Companies can be successfully on the market with the help of the most important information about other cultures.
The knowledge of the most determining factors of cultures should be brought into focus of Marketing researches. I think that the native language is also a very sensitive part of our personality and of our cultural identity and the effect, influence of the language should be know by Marketing experts too.
The characteristic of the cultures can be studied on three levels: global culture, the culture of the countries and the cultural characteristics of the ethnic groups (ethno Marketing). In this paper is concentrated on the culture of ethnic minorities. Many ethnic minorities live in the most countries and it is very neccessary to understand, study and know their culture. Tolerance, acceptance and respect of other cultures must be basic values for businessmen, Marketing experts, teachers, researchers, in the framework of scientific inverstigations. If businessmen know and can tolerate other cultures, they can have resolute talk business, companies can sell their products successfully and the different costumer’s wants can be influenced more effectively. In this paper my research will be presented in which I studied the challenges of intercultural Marketing. Online advertisement for minorities and the central role of their mother tongue are brought into focus.


Keywords: Marketing Communications , Intercultural Marketing, ethno Marketing

Abstract: Human Resource Accounting includes the task of bringing to books and computation the intangible value of Human Resource Management into numerical – perceivable manner. In order to harmonize the significance of Human Resources with other assets of the organization, the research avenue has found significance in the recent years. In the current study an extensive Literature review was carried, with finally special significance to the Lev and Schwartz Human Resource Accounting Model. The current empirical study has made an attempt to indicate the significance of Human Resource Accounting for the SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises). The current study adopted the Case-study of two SMEs and applied them in context with the Lev and Schwartz Model to determine the significance of relation between the Dependent Variables - Profit and Capital Employed with Organizational Assets.
It was inferred that Human Resource as an Asset has positive effect on the Profit and Capital employed by the SMEs; and hence Intellectual Capital Management – Maintenance and merriment is of prime significance to the survival of the SMEs.


Keywords: Human Resource Accounting , SMEs ,Small and Medium Enterprises

Abstract: Different organizations consider knowledge, also called intellectual capital(IC), to be as important as tangible capital. Knowledge enables organizations to grow and survive and become more competitive. For this reason, many organizations are currently considering innovative techniques and methods to manage and acquire their knowledge systematically. One of the modern techniques in the artificial intelligence is the software agent, in this paper we introduce a methodology to use software agent in the knowledge acquisition from domain experts. The resulted knowledge can be deeded to the shell system to become intelligent advisory system.

Keywords: called intellectual capital(IC), the artificial intelligence, Knowledge Acquisition

Abstract: While the industry is looking for fresh engineering graduates equipped with strong theoretical and application skills, the curriculum of engineering schools in Turkey mostly cover theoretical concepts. This yields the industry to practically train new employees to fulfill the job requirement. Thus, this is not only financially hurts the industry, but also resulted in less productivity.
In order to address this issue, Higher Education Council of Turkey established a new educational stream called School of Technology where their graduates have been trained by both theoretical and application oriented curriculum. While 40 percent of the degree work is based on practical courses, also the students are required to complete a full semester working in the industry.
There are 21 College of Technology in Turkey that train engineers in different areas of engineering, such as software engineering, energy system engineering, automotive engineering, mechatronics, digital forensics, etc. Since, the knowledge management between schools and industry is very important to train students as an initiative manner and offer them a qualified training in the industry; we created a new regulation and built a new flow chart management system that has been applied to our students at Firat University.
In this work, a survey has been applied to the industry personnel to evaluate our prior evaluation system for internships to discuss about its strengths and weaknesses. Then, we discuss about a flow chart management system created to follow the success of the students during their workplace training in the industry. Considering our new flow chart and findings from the survey, we will not only evaluate the student success, but also discuss the possible improvements on the Schools of Technology’s programs.


Keywords: industry,training,engineering,management

Abstract: Increasing competition, customer rights movement and existence of convenient information sharing technologies force companies to provide seamless service, thus satisfy their customers to the fullest possible extent. Nonetheless, failures and mistakes are recurrent incidents in service companies, especially in small and medium sized (SME's) hotels. When these unwanted failures occur, it is how companies react and handle complaining customers separates the successful ones from those not. The way successful companies handle customer complaints is their distinct advantage, their strong suit and may be considered as customer relationship capital. If managed well, this important capital will result in customer satisfaction, long-term loyalty, positive word of mouth and sustainable business. Despite its obvious advantages and simplistic principles, not many companies build and manage this valuable capital.
Customer relationship capital is considered as a crucial part of classical intellectual capital model (Saint-Onge, 1996) which composed of (a) human, (b) structural and (c) relationship capitals (Rudez and Mihalic, 2007). This study takes the model one step further by elaborating complaint management under the relationship capital for the first time. Given the significance of the issue, this study attempts first to find out the current complaint handling practices in small and medium hotels in northern Cyprus. Expectantly, this study will provide some useful insights about the important phenomenon that is rarely studied from an intellectual capital management point of view. To do so, self-administrated questionnaires were sent to the members of major hotel association in northern Cyprus. Analysis of the collected data revealed that ‘guest focus and commitment’ is found to be the most influential variable over the organizational responses. Furthermore, ‘prejudgments towards guest complaints’ variable found to have significant negative relationship with organizational responses. Discussion of the findings, implications and limitations are given.


Keywords: convenient information,hotels,customer satisfaction,advantage,capital

Abstract: Education is an apparatus of change, which is not limited to the four walls of the classroom. Education becomes an effective tool of change only when the nail is hit on the head. Selection of the right career has been one of the lapses in our schooling system, which has hindered many youth from trekking the right path towards self-actualisation and educational development.
The paper seeks to highlight the lapses in Pakistan educational system and the role of entrepreneurs in changing the bearing of the system through a career oriented formal and informal programme. Building the nation is not merely the task of the state, rather an effort that should be shouldered by the private sector.
The paper presents career academia from an entrepreneurial prism not just to improve the academic future of the nation but as complement by the private entrepreneurs to the supposedly sphere of the government. With career academia uncountable numbers of youth having a misguided academic career can be salvaged through pragmatic profitable, certified career orientation and counselling sections.


Keywords: Human,Capital,Intellectual Development

Abstract: In the XXI for economic well being measured by GDP is becoming more and more useless. For policy makers very important economic well-being process management. GDP growth or decrease is results of economic producing power, the results never can be managed, there should be managed activities which are causing the results, for that purposes there is created full of measurements assessing indicators which are showing problems of the non-sufficient GDP growth. GDP does not include variables such a knowledge and skills of the society. Service industries is dramatically increased in the last 30 years and competitive advantage in Industrial Economics is shifting from material and financial assets to intangible assets. Human development Index is one of the ratio which is measuring economic educational and health of the nation. There is also the Global Competitiveness Index, which is shows economic development issues in the country. Scientifics are making different assessments and measurement indicators of the Intellectual capital one of them is National efficiency Index of Intellectual capital.
Aim of the paper is studding the connections between Economic Development (ED) and Intellectual Capital (IC).There is demonstrated in the Paper different measurement approaches and different countries cooperative analyses. The paper presenting Intellectual capital of Georgia and problems of its development, including brain drain, showing expenditures in the educational and health systems in Georgia.


Keywords: Economic,Development,Intellectual Capital

Abstract: Any Society needs institutions dedicated to search, analyse and understand for the truth in all practical life fields and disciplines. Higher Education Institutions can be considered as ‘knowledge factories’ aims at producing, developing and supporting knowledge. They continuously play a crucial role in human lives by generating new ideas, accumulating and transmitting knowledge, experiences and developing researcher's skills. Scholars, researchers and students must work together in this significant environment to pursuit for knowledge Acquisition. The world is continuously changing over time so; the human lives must have certain change practically. The individuals must also have a role to affect and effect in their futures.
Accelerated developed Technologies and highly population growing make a continuous challenges in all countries decision makers agenda. They must have a clear and reliable strategic plan to make balance among many critical criteria; priorities, academic freedom and university autonomy. Some of these priorities are Population growth, economic revenue, knowledge and technology requirements, developed tools, market requirements and availability of qualified staffs. While the main competitive criteria are the quality assurance, accreditation, funding, learning and training costs, team work, Multidisciplinary and Virtual reality applications.
Many trails were made to reduce the learning and training costs in Higher Education Institutions. The developed technologies offers many cheap tools and techniques to train, teach and learn students in a virtually manner. Virtual reality "as a highly developed technology", can be used to perform experiments, offer laboratories, test and experiment in all fields without tangible cost or risk. It may help to give all the students in all fields a chance to test, examine, study and repeat any experiment many times with very low cost. Share information among the world can now be done easily. An intelligent professor for example can now teach, learn, train, discuss and examine students far from him directly and online.


Keywords: Economy,Technologies,develop,technology

Abstract: Experiences could be defined as events that engage individuals in a personal way. Experience economy, was first described as a term by B. Joseph Pine II and James H. Gilmore. In their article, published in 1998, titled "The Experience Economy", they described the experience economy as the next economy following the agrarian economy, the industrial economy, and the most recent service economy. Experiences go beyond goods, products and services in this kind of economy and consumers are not only consuming products and services, but also seek unique experiences. The concept came up in cultural and art activities field; it has crossed hospitality, architecture and urban planning, education, health care and ICT industries. The main focus of the speech will be the linking role of intellectual capital management between all stakeholders, in the experience economy perspective. I would like to suggest ICM as a requirement to manage businesses in experience economies

Keywords: Experience,economy,industrial ,manage,businesses

Abstract: Any Society needs institutions dedicated to search, analyse and understand for the truth in all practical life fields and disciplines. Higher Education Institutions can be considered as ‘knowledge factories’ aims at producing, developing and supporting knowledge. They continuously play a crucial role in human lives by generating new ideas, accumulating and transmitting knowledge, experiences and developing researcher's skills. Scholars, researchers and students must work together in this significant environment to pursuit for knowledge Acquisition. The world is continuously changing over time so; the human lives must have certain change practically. The individuals must also have a role to affect and effect in their futures.
Accelerated developed Technologies and highly population growing make a continuous challenges in all countries decision makers agenda. They must have a clear and reliable strategic plan to make balance among many critical criteria; priorities, academic freedom and university autonomy. Some of these priorities are Population growth, economic revenue, knowledge and technology requirements, developed tools, market requirements and availability of qualified staffs. While the main competitive criteria are the quality assurance, accreditation, funding, learning and training costs, team work, Multidisciplinary and Virtual reality applications.
Many trails were made to reduce the learning and training costs in Higher Education Institutions. The developed technologies offers many cheap tools and techniques to train, teach and learn students in a virtually manner. Virtual reality "as a highly developed technology", can be used to perform experiments, offer laboratories, test and experiment in all fields without tangible cost or risk. It may help to give all the students in all fields a chance to test, examine, study and repeat any experiment many times with very low cost. Share information among the world can now be done easily. An intelligent professor for example can now teach, learn, train, discuss and examine students far from him directly and online.


Keywords: Higher Education Institutions , knowledge factories, highly developed technology

Abstract: The Center of Excellence for innovative Projects at Jordan University of Science and Technology houses the Technological Incubator. The Technological Incubator was started in 2011 one year before the Innovation Center. This incubator is the only one of its kind in Jordan as most other incubators are IT and ICT incubators. In spite of their young age, both are striving to achieve excellence in performance. The talk will focus on current projects (startups) housed in this incubator, their progress, and the regulations and procedures that govern various activities of the incubator. Current active projects include The Water Piston Marine Engine, Catamaran Boats, The Novel Photovoltaic Solar Power Plant, and the Microfluidic Blood Testing units. Progress of these projects will be discussed and prospects for Spinoffs will be assessed. Future projects will also be presented and discussed.

Keywords: innovative Projects, Technological Incubator

Abstract: Intellectual Property Rights as there are known today, are existing in Africa since the colonization period, when they have been introduced by the different colonizing countries (England, France, Spain and Portugal) in their colonies.
The IP system in Africa has evolved in the last decade following the international evolutions in the area, but still now it is not using by African countries as a tool for development due to various factors.
Concerning particularly the African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI), its law and system have evolved, trying to take into account the developmental aspect of IP, and trying to make IP be a real tool to enhance innovation for the development of its member states.
However, there are existing evidences to suggest that, the Intellectual Capital is not valued as the tangible capital, and that IPRs are not yet fully used as a development tool to encourage innovation and adapted to the local needs of population. In this area, innovation is still very low and population still lack access to various facilities (improved seeds, medicines, books, etc), this despite the existing flexibilities offered by the international IP system.
This situation is mainly due to the lack of awareness of the public sphere on the importance of those issues, and particularly on the potential role of Innovation and IPRs in the development of their countries.
This paper explores the evolution of IC and Laws in the OAPI space, and the apparent failure of the states to create functional IP offices as well as efficient Innovation and IP policies for development. We will therefore examine the history and evolution of this system, the problems existing in that area in terms of innovation and development, and the ways forward to have a more efficient, innovation and development oriented IP system.

Keywords: Intellectual Property Rights, IP system , OAPI

Abstract: Higher education is provided both direct and indirect contribution to the economy. On the one hand, it is a self-productive sector making a significant direct contribution to the economy, including through the export of educational services. On the other hand, the result of higher education is materialized in the room not directly, but through the work of a higher quality.
On this basis, it should take care of the existing system of education, and developing it. Given the above, we believe that for universities outside the ESRUS should:
Establish a joint system of certification and accreditation of universities and training programs; To study the issue of mutual recognition of diplomas of higher education, as well as mutual recognition of academic and academic degrees; To create a national educational brands as a factor attracting foreign students; To create inter-institutional innovation centers with the participation of leading companies and research organizations in the country; To actively introduce information and communication technology for high-quality student learning; To eliminate the barriers preventing the export of educational services; To enhance the transition of the University to the European system of transformation of credits; To established between universities, Multimedia, TV, Internet training programs; To establish a joint publication of textbooks and teaching aids.

Keywords: Higher education, Economy, Educational Services

Abstract: The concept of ba which was introduced by Ikujiro Nonaka and Noburo Konno by the end of twentieth century plays a current major role within the innovative Japanese way of Knowledge Creation. One may talk about a good ba when relational situations energize people making them creative within positive and dynamic interactions. From a strategic point of view, this means to give prior focus on organizational issue served by Information Technologies’ devices (IT) that come after within this framework. By now this concept had spread out the archipelago and belongs to the specialized jargon of Knowledge Management. Though, the print of Japanese culture in this concept makes it not so easy to understand using Western languages. Therefore this paper proposes an equivalent through the formulation of Strategic Knowledge Community set up on the basis of a shared space, time and project. This contribution is organized in three parts. First of all, it strives to define the ba concept from a Japanese cultural point of view making reference to the meaning of its ideogram (kanji). Thefore, it considers the philosophical framework of the concept that enlightens the famous SECI (Socialization, Exteriorization, Combination & Internalization) model of Nonaka, the kata, or creative routine for Knowledge Creation. Surprisingly, the basic structure of the SECI model that processes tacit and explicit knowledge reproduces the four steps of the yin and yang’s traditional symbol. Once more, this stresses the cultural dimension of the Knowledge Creation’s approach. Then, this contribution briefly presents the case study “Human Health Care’s program” from the Japanese Eisai Company to illustrate applied ba and SECI model. As an opened conclusion, this paper opens debate about the validity and applicability of the Japanese concept of ba and SECI model worldwide within different cultural and organizational contexts.

Keywords: Concept of ba, Information Technology

Abstract: In this scientific paper can read about my research of management of intellectual capital in Georgia.
Main tasks of management Intellectual Capital in Georgia is this: of specific measures implementation for development and improvement of the intellectual capital protection system; Identify priorities and organization their implementation in the field of intellectual capital; Identify of policy in the field of intellectual capital and its implementation; determine priorities of cooperation with international organizations and foreign countries in the field Intellectual capital and organization the fulfillment of international obligations; Collaboration the relevant state bodies of foreign countries and international organizations; promoting facilities Intellectual capital in order to ensure legal rights scientific - technological, and artistic - the creative potential to develop for the country's and a healthy competitive environment; to Providing of public information issues related from Intellectual capital; Perform other tasks prescribed by legislation of Georgia.

Keywords: Georgia, intellectual capital, innovation, management, development.


Keywords: Georgia, intellectual capital, innovation, management, development

Abstract: Pakistan undoubtedly is agriculturally endowed; though her potentials are not confined to the primary sector rather there has been a blossoming secondary sector. Pakistan textile industry plays an interesting role in the overall economy. The potential of the sector can be bolstered by employing the latest, yet result-oriented technology. The application of nanotechnology in Pakistan textile industry can go a long way to enhance the productivity of the industry and boost the efficiency of private entrepreneurs in the sector.
The paper analyses the necessity and imperative values for the introduction of nanotechnology into Pakistan textile industry. It also argues that the productive outcome of the technology can lead to neighbourhood effect, contagiously affecting other industries to improve their productive level through a versatile, less capital intensive and low cost production technology.
The paper looks at the entrepreneurial benefits of the technology cutting across other sectors of the economy mostly in the medical, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and environmental sphere. The introduction, adoption and application of the technology can spur entrepreneurial effort towards developing a viable industry for such technology and consequently brings about cooperation between the laboratory developing such technology and industrial sector.
The paper argues that the introduction of nanotechnology brings forth a unique and potential utility of nano materials in apparels as in nano proliferates benefits particularly for domestic and businesses using uniforms. The introduction of the technology from an entrepreneurial perspective will bring forth cost saving of 40% and increases efficiency at a considerable rate.


Keywords: Pakistan , the application of Nanotechnology , Technopreneurship Efficiency

Abstract: The local economic impact of a large tertiary education institution such as a university is an issue which has attracted considerable attention in literature. Beck et al (1995, 246) define economic impact as „the difference between existing economic activity in a region given the presence of the institution and the level that would have been present if the institution did not exist.” Generally, there are three substantial problems. First, the definition of impact, second, measuring and estimating first-round expenditures and avoiding double-counting, third, estimating the correct value of the multiplicator. The economic impact study has become a standard tool used by Western universities to persuade state legislatures of the importance of expenditures on higher education. As economic impact studies become a political tool in the review of education, conservative assumptions and methods should be used to promote objectivity in the research process. After calculations made, we found the total economic impact of the Kodolányi János College in Székesfehérvár around 2500-3000 million HUF (10% of the budget of the city, or slightly over 1% of the local GDP). We compared these results to the impact of higher education of a smaller city, Zalaegerszeg, where somewhat minor importance has been recognized.



Keywords: local economic , Kodolányi János College ,

Abstract: This paper attempts to reiterate the restrictive role of entrepreneurial education in the creation of jobs and views it as a very myopic idea. It attempts to present that entrepreneurial education not only increases the employability of university students, but also helps in human capital management by creating a specific mindset and imparting set of skills which has its own importance in a personal and professional setting. This is often ignored in the literature of entrepreneurship. Moreover, in most of the existing literature, a lot of stress has been placed on viewing entrepreneurial education as the only way to survive in the time of economic crunch and job shortages which is right on its own. But, this framing of the scenario not only discourages the young minds but also make them very skeptical of their future, contributing to marring creativity necessary for generating innovative ideas even needed in the traditional corporate employment setting.


Keywords: Entrepreneurial education, Human Capital Management, Entrepreneurial Mindset, Higher Education Institutions

Abstract: Today’s economy is about speed, flexibility and connectivity in an environment where innovation and economic growth are geographically concentrated. Clusters and their smart specialisations are cornerstones of this reality.
The focus for economic development is moving from the national level, from support to industries and to individual firms. Today the emphasis is on the development of cities, regions and their cluster eco-systems. This bottom-up approach reflects that while companies may come and go, strong and evolving clusters provide economic stability to a region.
Cluster development has become a mainstream framework for innovation and regional development, especially in Europe. The animation of clusters provides a centre stage strategy that addresses innovation, productivity and competitiveness. The logic is to support the internationalisation of small firms, industrial transformation and the development of regional specialisations.
The first section in this paper, ‘Clusters from the Outside’, introduces a range of clusters from around the world. Almost all are natural occurrences. Clusters are defined and differences explored. The logic for the involvement of public agencies in cluster development is presented.
The second section explores ‘Clusters on the Inside’. There is no single blueprint for successful clusters. Each cluster evolves in its own way. However, there are a number of common aspects within strong clusters that are identified.


Keywords: economic development , mainstream framework , Clusters from the Outside, Clusters on the Inside

Abstract: The objective of this study is to answer the main question as follows:
What is the role of intellectual capital, and how to manage it in order to confirm the organization competitive advantage?. To answer this question we presented the definition of intellectual capital, its principal items, how to manage it and the importance of intellectual capital to realize the organization value. In other way, we investigate the notion of the organization competitive advantage, types, and the factors whose influence it, than its principal's determinatives.
This paper also examines the way how to manage intellectual capital in order to create the competitive advantage for business organizations, mostly in the varying environment. As a conclusion, the study ended up with a set of results and prospects.


Keywords: intellectual capital, SMEs , Innovative Companies

Abstract: The current study tries to understand the event of Organizational Brain-drain, by the event of Employee Voluntary Attrition. For a SME, besides the tangible impetus, the intangible intellect is of prime significance. A persistent drain of these intellectual forces, make it tough for the organizations to survive & hence the current study is intended to understand the conjugal relation between the event of Employee Voluntary Attrition & various dependent variables that tune-in. The papers shall empirically study the event of Employee Voluntary Attrition (EVA) in a specific geography as elaborated in the study. The workshop shall try to focus on the Attrition (EVA) in congruence with the dependent variables of Monetary Dissatisfaction, Leadership, Job Specification – Environment, Work Hours – geography & its tune with the Dependent Variable. The study indicates that the significance of Leadership & Money is one of the most influential factors of Employee Attrition. The current study also proposes to check the influence of Employee Attrition on the growth of SME & its significant effect on the Financial Health of the Organizations. The study finds no significance between the event of Employee Attrition & geographical proximity as a variable.

Keywords: Organizational Brain-drain, Employee Voluntary Attrition, SME, Employee Voluntary Attrition (EVA)

Abstract: Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) have a strong role in the socio-economic development of the countries. Universities all over the world are expected to contribute in developing the economies, the communities and the leadership of the nations. Various countries and their Higher Education authorities have adopted different mechanisms to be followed by their institutions. Pakistan Higher Education Commission (HEC) has directed all the Degree Awarding Institutions (DAIs) of the country to establish the Office of Research, Innovation and Commercialization (ORIC) to promote the culture of commercializable research for impacting the economy through the development of new and innovative technologies. This report gives an overview how National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Pakistan has realigned its strategic goals with the overall national needs.
Countries economic strength and growth lie in their Government Policies, Industrialization and management and utilization of Human Capital. Universities around the globe are surely contributing in developing the intellectual capital. They however have the capacity in meeting the challenges in other two areas. Universities can build new technologies for the industry and can have think tank forums for advising public functionaries. NUST has launched various initiatives to address these needs. The academic programs of the National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST) are designed to meet the challenges of the new millennium. Fields of Engineering, Life Sciences and Natural Sciences are continuously updated with emerging trends. Besides preparing professionals to manage the ever-growing demands of a knowledge economy with requisite degree of expertise, NUST has launched Corporate Advisory Council (CAC) to have close linkage between the Industry and the academia. The technical and academic strengths of NUST; combined with the needs of the Industry to find innovative, practical and cost-effective solutions; and the need of the economy to flourish through advancements in technology; are the basis for the establishment of the Corporate Advisory Council (CAC) at NUST. The other initiative that NUST has undertaken is the establishment of Global Think Tank Network (GTTN). The main objective of GTTN is to prepare policy guidelines for the Government functionaries on technical matters. This report highlights the working details and the successes achieved through these initiatives.

Keywords: Higher Education Institution, Degree Awarding Institutions, Innovation, Commercialization

Abstract: Raising public awareness on Intellectual Property (IP) is essential in Georgia. It is a means to encourage innovation and creativity among the young people. It is necessary to increase the teaching of IP in Georgia’s school and university curricula. We can introduce public awareness programs as part of our national IP strategies.
The main objectives of the business of education, taking into account factors related to acquisition of professional skills in the field of intellectual capital management, are: 1) the examination of conceptual foundations of modern management principles and innovative business and the management of intellectual capital; 2) the formation of innovative thinking, the ability to anticipate and make own custom solutions in the process of intellectualization of education, industry and the changing demands of the innovation market; 3) the acquisition of knowledge and practical skills in making effective decisions in the field of intellectual capital, possession of the basic techniques of communication and of the working methods in calculations and solution of various problems.
Business education, acquisition of skills in the field of intellectual capital management contributes to the internationalization of the entire system of education, establishment and development of the practice, the relationship and the mutual influence of national models of educating the managers, gives the opportunity to identify own place within the emerging intellectual community and industry.
In Georgia, in the first place it is necessary to create a chain (idea-research-patent-license-technological product), allowing a university and a scientist to reap benefits of their scientific work and commercialize the research.
Georgian universities should be closer co-operating with the technology and Innovation Transfer Center, because this structure serves the purpose of bringing together inventors and business entrepreneurs which will promote commercialization of innovative inventions.
It is important that the science management course is introduced on different faculties (law, economics, sport etc.) of Georgian universities, focusing on future scientific research and contemporary requirements for management of scientific researches, including issues pertinent to IP.
Proceed from the above it is necessary to make the appropriate changes and additions to such laws of Georgia as "On Education", "On Higher Education", "On General Education", "On professional education", "On the development of quality education", "On special education" as well as in other laws of the Republic.

Keywords: intellectual property, intellectual capital, high education, business education, Georgian legislation

Abstract: Globalization is calling for Globalized Information Management to meet the aims of confidentiality as, when and to the extent desired by the primary users, availability to the global users in local or desired languages and presentation formats in real time, accuracy with respect to both update and statistics as a global superset, authenticity in relation to the users, information source and content, consistency with regards to local cultural value system and technical comprising attributes of the dataset and integrity of the entire information content as managed and archived. Attainment of these and other dynamically discovered attributes becomes more stimulating in multilingual, multinational, multicultural, multilateral and multidisciplinary environments as embodied by globalization. To address these challenges a number of systems have been devised incorporating various technologies, algorithms and heuristics operating at different architectural stratum. A broader overview of the entire strata is presented in this paper for both completeness and clarity or understanding however focus of the paper is to suggest a hybrid architecture at the logical stratum. The underlying technologies and stratums should principally stay be transparent so that a change in technology should not affect the logical strata. Similarly advancements at the logical stratum should not affect the underlying technological infrastructure. The hybrid approach of globalized information management presented in this paper comprises both a subset of distributed information management and a part of centralize information management. The advantages of this hybrid structure include reduced communication complexity and early region and language specific availability beside refined central availability in more frequently used languages and semantics. The proposed architecture reduces logical complexity to a great extent since unified single language semantics are suggested for the centralized processing while distributed remote nodes do the language, region and culture specific processing at the information source. The architecture also suggests gradual improvements and refinements beside user input and conceptual maturity. This architectures also foresees community specific presentation formats thereby making various presentations of the same information possible in real time.

Keywords: Globalization, Globalized Information Management

Abstract: The scholars believe that the one of the most important requirements for development in 21 century is entrepreneurship and more attention to the needs of female. For this purpose, this paper aimed to identify factors influencing of female belongs to Sindh province about entrepreneurial skills and has been done as survey method. Questionnaire is main instrument has used in this research. The total sample size is 28 female entrepreneurs from whom the data has collected through instrument. Statistical analysis is done with the help of SPSS software. The result showed that 36% respondents represented their entrepreneurship skills is low. In addition to that regression analysis showed that individual skills and participation and psychological features, determined 37% entrepreneurial skills, too.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial skills, Sindh province

Abstract: Nowadays entrepreneurial universities play a significant role in the socio-economic development of their regions. Mass higher education, knowledge growth and the internationalization of the university environment have changed the university's goals, and Third Mission is emerged. However, this role will be highlighted if they take advantage of their intellectual capital in order to enjoy the benefits associated with internationalization activities. In this paper, a model is proposed to show how this could be realized in entrepreneurial universities. A multilevel conceptual model is presented which elaborated the mechanisms, and prerequisites for such activities. Finally, some initial propositions are produced.

Keywords: Intellectual Capital , Internationalization , Entrepreneurial Universities

Abstract: The Islamic Republic of Iran possesses an efficient legal framework for the protection of intellectual property rights such as the literary and artistic property rights system (intellectual -art - audiovisual - technical works such as computer softwares ) and the industrial- commercial property rights system (invention, trademarks, and copyrighted works), but needs to integrate its laws and regulations and synchronize them with the current pace of development at national and global levels based on a conceptual model in order to clarify the stand of intellectual property within its institutional setup. The expansion of the country presence in scientific, technological as well as economic institutions such as WTO would face the country with challenges and opportunities which may involve substantial risks in the absence of suitable legal and strategic infrastructures. The definition of an integrated IP management system to institutionalize the governance process of the intellectual innovation and invention within social values and norms of the society is one of the main strategies required for immunization. In this regard, teaching of the concepts of intellectual property and allocation of particular sections in curricula starting with primary school education levels and teachers' guidebooks would be an important step forward. Yet, registration of pupils’ innovative ideas and inventions by schools at provincial and national levels would be an operational practice to strengthen intellectual property in ethical values as well as professional ethics. Such trainings and practice strengthen individuals’ motivation for observing intellectual property rights and promote their sense of self-judgment and self–belief. One of the strategic policies which need to be tackled is the definition of shared intellectual property rights on joint research projects and their management from primitive ideas to products which can significantly impact the scientific and technological progress and excellence of the country. On the other hand, the definition of shared ownership of projects of cross border and regional nature not only creates new opportunities for scientific and professional entities in particular universities as centers of science and technology generation leading to increased economic efficiency, but also contributes to the development and institutionalization of intellectual property rights. However, the protection of intellectual property rights remains to be the main concern of the international community. Although legal instruments such as the Paris Convention (1883) and the Berne Convention Long ( 1886) and its implementing mechanisms through WIPO and "the International Court of Justice" as well as bilateral and multilateral treaties as the " General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( 1947) " and the "WTO (1994 )" have been developed to help resolving disputes at national and international level, the misinterpretation and/ or imperfect application of laws remain as yet to be important challenges to the development of innovation and technology transfer. To the contrary of such punitive approaches based on law enforcement, however, incentive approaches based on moral and cultural elements promise better and more sustainable performance. This paper will review a variety of ideas about intellectual property issues in a holistic approach and outlines a landscape for its development in this country.

Keywords: intellectual property,